Power of Coins by K.Radhakrishna

POWER OF COINS by K.Radhakrishna

(Note : This article was first published in RBI Magazine “Without reserve” Oct 1997 -Jan 1998 vol. XXXI No.4 - No. 1 and is published now with permission of the author.)

Praetorians were personal body guards of the Roman General, an elite corps who were given better conditions than the Roman armies. Their proximity to the center of government made them politically important. They were responsible for making Publius Helvius Pertinax Emperor of Rome. His austerity and discipline did not benefit the Praetorian guards. Laetus, prefect of Praetorian guards, incited them to murder the emperor. At noon on 28th march, 193 A.D the guards separated the head of Pertinax from his body and placed it on a lance which was carried in triumph to the Praetorian camp.

In the midst of this disorder, the governor of the city, Suplicianus who was also a father-in-law of the dead emperor expressed his desire to become the next emperor. The Praetorian guards assumed the position of “Emperor Makers”. They held the head of the emperor on the lance and ran out upon the ramparts proclaiming in a loud voice that the Roman world was to be sold to the best bidder by public auction.

The news reached the ears of Didius Julianus, a wealthy Roman Senator. His wife, daughter and his sycophants convinced him that he deserved the Roman throne. He hastened to the Praetorian camp, where Suplicianus was still entreating the guards; and began to bid against him from the foot of the ramparts. The illegal, shameful and immoral negotiation was transacted by faithful emissaries, who passed alternately from one candidate to the other and acquainted with the offers of his rival. Suplicianus had already offered 5000 Denaril to each guard. Ambitious Julianus offered 6250 Denaril. The gates of the camp were instantly thrown open to the purchaser; he was declared emperor and ruled for 66 days. On 2nd June, 193 A.D. he was beheaded as a common criminal by the orders of Septimius Severus, the next incumbent to the throne.

Each Denarus weighs 3.41 grams Comprising 10 percent of alloy and 90 percent of silver. 6250 such coins were given to 300 Praetorian guards. If price of silver is taken at Rs 25000 per Kg, it would work out to Rs 15 Crores, perhaps being the cheapest bargain for winning the Roman World.

(In India an M.P may be spending more than that during elections.)

=> Millennium Mix-up by K.Radhakrishna

MILLENNIUM MIX-UP By K. Radhakrishna
(Note : This article was first published in RBI Magazine “Without reserve” Oct-Dec 1999 vol. XXXI No.4 and is published now with permission of the author.)

In olden days there was a tradition in India wherein the king would honour the most learned man. For this coveted honour one had to win against all the other learned contenders in debate on any subject or in any branch of knowledge. Ashtavakra of Upanishadic lore is credited to have won such debates on intricate philosophical subjects. Raja Janak is said to have honoured him. Shri Adi Shankaracharya of Advaita philosphy is credited with winning over several learned men in debate who later became his disciples. Though now, honour by kings and making disciples out of losing contenders are relics of the past, it is a fact beyond doubt that laymen and scholars alike are drawn towards debates which interest them or which concern them. Against this background let me start a debate.

Is it true that:
- In the year 1935 A.D, RBI was established?
- In the year 1947 A.D, India got Independence?

Though the incidents did take place, they did not take place in the years that are stated against them. Read on for an explanation in this matter.
When we say that we are in the year 1999 we mean the Christian era and the Anno Domini, Which is dependent on the year of birth of Jesus Christ. It is to be noted that before the Christian era years were reckoned from the election of the Roman emperor or from the foundation of the city of Rome. With the establishment of Christianity they began to be reckoned from the birth of Jesus Christ.

It happened that dates "from the date of Christ" did not begin to be cast until centuries after Christ's day. An error in calculation by Dionysius "Exiguus" (Which means the younger) went unnoticed. He had introduced the present method of dating in the year 532 AD. Dionysius made the birth of Christ coincide with the Roman year 754 whereas further studies have since ascertained that Jesus was actually born in 747 or 748, that is six or seven years earlier than Dionysius supposed.

Julius S Africanus a historian of Alexandria, Egypt in his "Chronicon from the creation of the world to the year 221” established December 25th as the date of the birth of Jesus.

From these results the curious fact that the Christian calendar which we now use instead of starting from the birth of Jesus Christ actually started six or seven years after it. Though it is odd to say so, it is a fact beyond doubt that Jesus Christ was born six years "Before Christ" (as is generally understood). Thus it can be said that on 24th December, 1994 the Christian era has completed 20 centuries or two millennia. Doesn't it then make sense to claim that on 25th December 1994 we have already stepped into the 21 st century?

Further explanation for this claim is based on the following events.
Herod the Great, who ruled Palestine from 37 BC to 4 BC died in the year 4 B.C He was afraid of losing his throne in view of the birth of Christ especially as the scriptures proclaimed, "a baby born to be king of the Jews". He requested the visitors from the east who were in search of the baby Christ to inform him of the location of the child. Subsequently Herod the Great realized that the visitors had tricked him as they had left without informing him. Herod then gave orders to kill all boys in Bethlehem (in Palestine) and its neighborhood who were two years old and younger This was done in accordance with what he had learnt from the visitors about the time they started their search for the baby Christ.

The relevance of boys of two years and younger ordered to be killed during the reign of Herod the Great as per the Biblical account and the historical fact that Herod died in the year 4 BC give evidence to the fact that Christ was actually born six years "Before Christ", which also means 1994 AD is actually the year 200I - the first year of the 21 st century.

(Note: This artile is not about Birth of Jesus but the starting of/Calculation of the start of A.D.)

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=> Larins : Wonderful Coins - Fish Hook shaped

Interesting and rare type of early medieval coinage(Trade Coins)

Larins oringinated in the district of 'Lar' at the head of the persian gulfand was most popular amongst Arab marine traders. These unusual coins were struck in India by the Adil Shahi Dynasty and Arabian Gulf in the 11th-16th century AD and circulated widely in the area of the Iran, Persian Gulf, Pakistan and Northern India.

The coin were made but cutting a thick silver wire into pieces of fairly equal weight and stamped on both sides with a die, bearing arabic inscriptions. They afford a scanty surface to recieve any inscription. Hence, it is not very easy to read inscriptions on them. However, most of the Adil Shahi Larins bear 'sultan ali adil shah' on one side and Zarb Lari Dangi san.... on the other side.

The dates on these coins are rarely found to be clear, but what we can read only shows that they were minted by Ali II.

In the Arabian Gulf, for example, a silver ingot called the Larin was introduced in the early centuries. Crafted in the form of a fish-hook, with various specimens ranging in length from about one inch to an inch and a half, Larins, which took their name from the town of Lar in southern Persia, were originally circulated in the Arabian Gulf region. Eventually they spread to the eastern seaboard of India and to the Maldive Islands and became one of the chief trading currencies in the Indian Ocean region.

Larins have inscriptions in both Persian and Arabic, and to meet the requirements of change, were often cut into pieces; sometimes one Larin was divided into 12 separate sections.

1. Bijapur Silver larin, Ali Adil Shah II (AH 1067-1083 = AD 1656-1672). Shahi of Bijapur
Arabic inscriptions on both sides. 38mm in length, 3 to 4 mm in thickness.

2. LARINS Issued by suttans have been found in ceylon (Wt. 4.75Gm )
AHMAD 1 A.H. 1012-27 (A.D1603-18)

IBRAHIM A.H.1049-58(1640-48)

SULAIMAN III A.H.1099-1102(A.D.1687-91)

# Universal Currency Converter

This website provides free universal currency converter.
click here to see:- http://www.xe.com/ucc/
this is just a link of a website for coin collectors to check the currency exchange. we are not responsible for the transactions or the rates shown for the currency in the website..

# Vague Incused unusual Inscriptions on Rs.2 coins 1990-2000

Vague Incused unusual Inscriptions on Rs.2 coins
Recently I was sitting at home sorting out the change of the coins that are in circulation so that they can be reused. My husband (Dr Bharat) does not allow to use the change that we get untill he has gone through all of them. So we sat down and seperated rupees, 2 rupees, 5 rupees and so on....

While having a look at the 2 rupees lot, i saw a coin that had something written(not clear) that was incused on the Obverse (on the Rt hand side of the map of India). I got a hand lens and had a closer look...it was some thing in Hindi and reverse/inverted? Now, I had invited trouble for myself..Dr Bharat asked me to go through all coins for the same year and other years to see whether all of them have the same inscriptions or not!

We could find similar inscriptions on 2 rupee coins of other years also, but at the same time many coins of the same year and other years didn't have them. So, we scanned the coin that was clear/near UNC to check what it was...It was still not clear what was written so we took a higher resolution scan........see below

It was of No Use as the inscriptions seemed to be inverted. We had and idea to edit the scan and invert the image (like u see in brockages-mint errors). The edited scan was like this.......Now even u can tell what we saw at that time......satyamev jayate in Hindi . The enlarged scan is given below....

Conclusion:- Satyamev Jayate in Hindi was seen which could have been impressed from the Reverse side of 2 rupee coin when the coins were minted . BUT HOW ???????: Why not in all coins...why in all years but not all coins???

It may not be the greatest discovery in Numismatics, but this is what young Numismatists should look for....... Every Coin may have some mystery hidden in it...

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# Coins With 180 degree Die Rotation

A peculiar feature noticible in the first issues of the Uniform Coinage for British India is the absense of exact alignment of the obverse and reverse sides. Early Machine struck coins of the East India Company have a unique feature i.e. they had inverted reverse or 180 degree of die rotation..?? MINTING ERROR..

No. They were not Minting Errors.

The answer to this anomaly can be found in the English coinage of the period. All English coins had their obverse and reverse sides rotated 180 degree as their way of handling the coins was that they flipped the coin on East-West Axis. Hence a coin with inverted reverse or 180 degree of die rotation was perfectly alright to them.(try doing urself).
The British realized this fact after some time and then corrected the minting procedure. Hence, the later coins were perfect. The early coins especially the 1835 Rupee, 1835 Half Rupee show a variable degree of die rotation ranging from 5-180 degree, as less importance was given to the alignment being the first machine struck coins. Instances of diametrically opposite alignment are also come across in specimens of 1/4 rupee coins, 1/4 anna and 1/12 anna coins.
One Quarter anna 1857 & 1858 were minted by J .Watt & Co, Birmingham, England and they followed the British pattern of minting coins.

The coins that are always found with 180 degree reverse die rotation are:-

1. One Pie 1833

2. Quarter Anna 1830

3. Quarter Anna 1833

4. Quarter Anna 1857

5. Quarter Anna 1858


The coins that are rarely found with 180 degree reverse die rotation are:-

1. Quarter Anna 1835 (common)

2. One Rupee 1835 (Very Rare)
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=> Numismatic Terminology

NUMISMATIC TERMINOLOGY

The glossary will help you understand terms and acronyms commonly used in the field of coin collecting.
• Abrasions- Light rubbing or scuffing from friction, not to be confused with hairlines or bag marks.
• Alloy- A combination of two or more metals.
• Annealing- The heating and cooling process by which planchets are softened to allow the metal to flow more smoothly during the strike.
• Bag mark - A surface mark, usually in the form of a nick, acquired by a coin when it came into contact with others in a mint bag. Bag marks are most common on large and heavy silver and gold coins.
• Blemishes- Minor nicks, marks, flaws, or spots of discoloration that mar the surface of a coin.
• Bronze- An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin.
• Bullion- Uncoined gold or silver in the form of ingots or plate.
• Business strike- A coin intended for circulation in the channels of commerce (in contrast to a proof coin specifically struck for collectors).
• Cleaning- Refers to removing dirt or otherwise altering the appearance of a coin through the use of abrasive materials that mar or scratch the surface in a detectable fashion.
• Commemorative- A coin issued to mark a special event or to honor an outstanding person.
• DDO/DDR - Doubled Die Obverse, an obverse die which exhibits doubled images in one or more places but in DDRa reverse die which exhibits doubled images in one or more places.
• Denticles or dentils - The tooth like raised design around the rims of some coins. They are part of the die design.
• Designer- The artist who creates a coin's principal devices.
• Details- Small features and fine lines in a coin design. Particularly those seen in hair, leaves, wreaths and feathers.
• Die- A metal object used to impress a design into a planchet. Dies are usually engraved incuse, so that the devices and inscriptions they produce will be in relief.
• Dipping- The act of removing tarnish, surface dirt, or changing the coloration of a coin by applying chemicals, or otherwise artificially treating it with liquids.
• Disme- The early spelling of the word "dime," one tenth of a dollar.
• Double eagle - A United States twenty dollar gold coin.
• Eagle- A United States ten dollar gold coin.
• Edge- The area which borders a coin's surface. Also referred to as coin's "third side." Edges of United States coins may be Reeded, lettered or plain.
• Electrotype- A counterfeit coin made by the electroplating process.
• Engraver- A person who cuts a design into a coinage die.
• Fineness- Purity of gold or silver, normally expressed in the terms of one thousand parts. •Grade- The condition or amount of wear that a coin has received. Generally, the less wear a given coin has received, the more valuable it is. Coins are graded on the A.N.A. numerical system from About Good-3 to Perfect Uncirculated-70.
• Hairlines- A series of minute lines or scratches, usually visible in the field of a coin, sometimes caused by cleaning or polishing.
• Half eagle - A United States five dollar gold coin.
• Hub or hob - A metal object with the intended coin design in relief on one end as it would appear on the finished coin. It is used to produce dies.
• Incuse- The design of a coin which has been impressed below the coin's surface. When the design is raised above the coin's surface, it is said to be in relief.
•"Key date"- Slang usually indicating the rarest (and therefore most expensive)date-and-mint of a particular coin series.
• Legend - The principal inscription on a coin.
• lg.- Abbreviation for the word "large,"generally referring to a date or mintmark.
• Luster- The glossy appearance of the surface of a coin. Although normally brilliant, with time luster may become dull, frosty, spotted or discolored.
• Milled edge - A raised rim around the outer surface of a coin. Not to be confused with the Reeded or serrated narrow edge of the coin.
• Mintmark- A symbol, usually a small letter, used to indicate at which mint a particular coin was struck.
• Modification- A minor alteration in the basic design of a coin.
• Motto- A word or phrase on a coin.
• Mule- A coin struck from obverse and reverse dies not originally intended to be used together. • Numismatics- Area of study relating to coins, medals, or similar items.
• Numismatist- A student or collector of coins, medals, or similar items.
• Obverse- The front or fact side of a coin, usually the side with the date or the principal design. Opposite of the reverse side.
• Overdate- The date made by superimposing one or more different numbers on a previously dated die.
• Oxidation- The formulation of oxides or tarnish on the surface of a coin from exposure to air, dampness, industrial fumes, or other elements.
• Pattern- A prototype of a proposed coin design.
• Patina - A green or brown surface film found on ancient copper and bronze coins caused by oxidation over a long period of time.
• Planchet- Disk on which a design is impressed to make a coin, metal or token.
• Proof - Coins struck for collectors and using specially polished or otherwise prepared dies.
• Proof like - Used to describe any uncirculated coin with a mirror like reflective surface but lacking the full characteristics of a proof.
• Quarter eagle - A United States two and one half dollar gold coin.
• Reeded edge - The edge of a coin with grooved lines that run vertically around its perimeter. This type of edge is found on all current United States coins above the five cent denomination.
• Relief - Any part of a coin's design that is raised above the coin's surface. When the design has been impressed below the coin's surface, it is said to be incuse.
• Restrike -A coin struck from genuine dies at a date later than its original issue.
• Reverse- The side of a coin carrying the design of lesser importance. Opposite of the obverse side.
• Rim- The raised portion of a coin encircling the obverse and reverse which protects the designs of the coin from wear.
• Scratch- A deep line or groove in a coin caused by contact with a sharp or rough object.
• sm. - Abbreviation for the word "small," generally referring to a date or mintmark.
• Striations - Thin, light raised lines on the surface of a coin, caused by excessive polishing of the die.
• Striking - Refers to the process by which a coin is minted. Also refers to the sharpness of design details. A sharp strike or strong strike is one with all of the details struck very sharply; a weak strike has the details lightly impressed at the time of coining.
• Toning - Natural patination or discoloration of a coin's surface caused by the atmosphere over a long period of time. Toning is often very attractive, and many collectors prefer coins with this feature.
• Truncation - The sharply cut off bottom edge of a portrait.
• Type - A coin's basic distinguishing design.
• Unique - An item of which only one specimen is known to exist.
• Variety - A minor change from the basic type design of a coin.
• Weak strike - A coin with certain areas of its details (in the areas of high relief) not fully formed because of the hardness of alloy, insufficient striking pressure or improper die spacing.
• Wear - The abrasion of metal from a coin's surface caused by normal handling or circulation.
• Whizzing - The artificial treatment of a coin by wire brushing, acid dipping, or otherwise removing metal from the coin's surface to give it the artificial appearance of being in a higher grade. Whizzing is an alteration, not a grade or condition.